Astronomy Homework Question and Answers †Second Part

Astronomy Homework Question and Answers – Second Part Free Online Research Papers Astronomy Homework Question and Answers Second Part #4. Briefly describe the astronomical uses of each of the following: Stonehenge, The Templo Mayor, The Sun Dagger, The Mayan observatory at Chichen Itza, lines in the Nazca Desert, Pawnee Lodges, the Big Horn Medicine Wheel. Stonehenge can show exactly when the summer solstice is, by looking for the sun directly over a specific stone, called the Heel stone. The Templo Mayor is also used to mark the seasons, by watching the sun rise through two temles on the equinoxes. The Sun Dagger is a carved spiral onto which the sun forms a dagger of light only once a year- on noon of the summer solstice. The Mayan Observatory had windows strategically placed specifically for osbservations of Venus. The lines in the NAzca desert may look like well traveled walkways, but some of them are alighned in directions where the Sun or other bright stars are at certain times of the year. The Pawnee lodges had strategically placed holes for observing the passage of certain constellations. The 28 â€Å"Spokes† of the Big Horn Medicine Wheel probably relate to the month of the Native Americans, for they had months of 28 days, because they did not count the New Moon. #9. Who was Ptolemy? Briefly describe how the Ptolemaic model of the universe explains apparent retrograde motion while preserving the ideas of an earth-centered universe. Ptolemy was an ancient Greek astronomer (c. A.D 100-170) who came up with a model of the universe with the earth at the center. His flawed nation of an Earth centered-Universe with regards to Planetary motion was surprisingly accurate. His explained the apparent retrograde motion of the planets by suggesting that the planets moved in smaller circles while they were traveling along their orbits. #14. Describe how Galileo helped spur acceptance of Kepler’s Sun-centered model of the Solar System There were three basic objections that most people had to the Sun centered universe. 1. The Earth could not be moving because objects would be left behind while the earth moved. 2. The idea of non-circular orbits contradicted the idea that the heavens must be perfect and unchanging. 3. Stellar parallax ought to be detectable if the Earth Orbits the Sun. Galileo was able to answer all three objections. First, he demonstrated that a moving object remains in motion unless a force acts to stop it (i.e, why people remain standing in an airplane while it is flying.) Galileo showed that the heavens could change after he built a telescope in 1609, and noticed imperfections in the Sun, moon, and Earth. He assumed that the stars were actually far more distant then anyone had thought, therefore not allowing astronomers like Tycho Brahe to observe stellar parallax. He never actually proved it, he just had very strong evidence in its favor. But the true death of an Earth Centered syst em came when Galileo discorved that there were four moons orbiting Jupiter, not the Earth, and that Venus goes through phases like the moon, and therefore orbited the Sun. Problems #2. The Date of Christmas (December 25th) is set each year according to a lunar calendar. False- The Date is set each year according to the Tropical calendar, having the same number of days in a year, 365, and 12 months. The Lunar calendar has 12 months, but with only 29 or 30 days for each month, and a year of about 354-355 days. Muslims still follow the Lunar calendar, but not Christians. #5. In Science, saying something is a theory means that it is really just a guess. False- A theory is a hypothesis that has passed a broad range of tests and is generally assumed to be true. A hypothesis is an educated guess. Research Papers on Astronomy Homework Question and Answers - Second PartMind TravelThe Spring and AutumnBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm XInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesCanaanite Influence on the Early Israelite ReligionResearch Process Part OneWhere Wild and West MeetAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalHip-Hop is Art

Essay on Rose Ocean and Big Blue Blanket

Essay on Rose Ocean and Big Blue Blanket Essay on Rose: Ocean and Big Blue Blanket Ocean Step by step onto the warm aureate sand made my feet sink in a millimetre deeper, and nothing but quiet at the beach in the almost dimness of early evening is ever astonishing. Stretches further than the eye can see the ocean is entirely free. It looked like a big blue blanket covering the earth with nothing but comfort. As stranger and I waxed our board on the edge of the shore, waves ran across bearing sea shells along as it surrounds where I kneel. I held a shell to my ear, and listened to its tale. Whispers entered my ear, but nothing else than a morbid calm voice here, calling me into the big blue bubbly bath tub of water. Other surfers continue to wax their board, from the cogitation I courageously dived under the surface of the ocean with my surfboard, although the water was as cold as ice as it pelts my skin. Paddling further until I was isolated with nothing but low-tide waves. Often I sit on my board awaiting for a wave sensation, looking back to a childhood, mist with the sight and the sounds of the wildwood. Day ends to rest, and the sunset does its best. The outstanding ocean will receive, yet still to arrive, the burning sun that’s going to leave. The mists of evening rise, and stretch away between the horizon and the distant to sail, and the earth and the sea are clothed in sombre grey. Higher the moon ascends, and star upon star arises by low-lying isle. I hear the soft lashing, and splashing and crashing of the black waves for long and in loneliness. Spatter of surfers paddling, while the thrilling screams of the first time surfers. Seconds later, I was devoured by a blur creature that entered my sight, a Dolphin at my side swimming swiftly with her grey excellence sin to the evening breeze. She is an object of beauty and strength, so I sat and watch her until length. Seaweed dangles beneath the broad sea, seagulls swat softly above flying in a spree along singing the song it has for ages sung, and the crisps sea air blows against my mahogany dark curls. I paddle swift, steady strokes as I hit the wave with adrenaline rushing, so I turn around as I hear wave crashing. Gave it my all and let the wave do it all. Sudden swing, a twist and a fling! My board point for the shore and I fix my eye where the surf flings high to fall on the reef a roar. I schlunch into the ocean off my board, but the

Using Cell Phones While Driving Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Using Cell Phones While Driving - Term Paper Example According to the same survey (Britt, 2005), those driving and talking on cell phones responded slower to brake lights by an average of 18% and 17% took a longer time to regain speed after braking for a light. It has also been noted that the hands free cell phones cause the same, slower responses among those that are driving and don’t lead to safe roads that can be driven on (Britt, 2005). The problem with using a cell phone while driving is now not only applicable to talking to others while on the road. Text messages, adding in music and the distractions from the cell phone are all adding into problems that are associated with those who are driving on the road and that are multi-tasking while driving. To change this, there are new laws that are trying to be passed, specifically because of the adverse effects which this has. However, the laws and the regulations by officials have not changed the number of individuals that use a cell phone on the road for any purpose, leading to more danger to those that are on the road and continuing to lead to accidents because of the lack of bans that are reinforced by officials (GHSA, 2011). Relationship of Cause and Effect The cause of using cell phones while driving is considered because of the association with needing to talk to others, communicate or update individuals while on the road. ... The use of cell phones on the road is one which may be more applicable while waiting at a stop light, going through slower traffic or driving through roads which are already known to those that are driving (Strayer, 2001). The cause of using cell phones while driving among the age group of 20-30, which is known as more likely to use phones while driving, is most likely specific to the need to communicate with friends, family or the work that one is involved in. The hectic lives that most lead at this age make the driving time the easiest to catch up with the communication that is needed. The knowledge of the road and the ability to multi-task while driving is one of the ways that most in this age group are trained, specifically with the understanding that doing more than one thing at a time is acceptable. The rise in technology has led to the behavior of multi-tasking and makes the cell phone use while driving natural. Even though there may be a natural tendency to use cell phones wh ile driving because of the multitasking which takes place, there are also other variables which are considered with this. The effects which occur lead to being over stimulated in specific conditions. If one is driving on a road that doesn’t have as much traffic or which doesn’t require as much attention, then the cell phone speaking may seem applicable. However, extra stimulations and interference from other coming traffic, changes in the road and the consequences of paying more attention to the phone than the road lead to the crashes and injuries that have been reported. The effect is from the stimulation that occurs which doesn’t allow one to respond quickly enough when speaking on a cell phone, showing that the

Europe in the International Economic Order Research Paper

Europe in the International Economic Order - Research Paper Example The European Union was formed with the aim of strengthening the economic and political powers of the European countries and emerge as an international superpower. The emergence of the Euro is also a part of this project. Euro was introduced as a common currency for the participating European nations to remove the exchange rate risks within the internal market, to boost up trade across nations and most importantly to bring in monetary stability in Europe. (Fedee, n.d.) Another major purpose was to challenge the increasingly monopolistic power of the currency dollar as a single international currency and to rescue its members from the fluctuations of the dollar. The introduction of Euro has been the most important development in the international economy; it has become the major medium of trade especially in the euro area and other European countries. â€Å" Euro has played a major role in fostering harmony among diverse economies, which had conflicting monetary and fiscal policies, t ariffs and other restrictions on trade and investments† quotes Haruhiko Kuroda, head of Asian Development Bank at this years Brussels Economic forum (Vucheva, 2009). The Eurozone formed covering 11 countries in 1999, â€Å"Belgium, Germany, Spain, Italy, Ireland, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Austria, Portugal and Finland† (Q&A: Euro basics, 2002). Greece was allowed to join only after 2001, later Slovenia Malta and Cyprus followed the suit, Slovakia became the 16th country to join the group. (Vucheva, 2009) Joining Eurozone it had the advantage of trading its inflation prone home currency to the stable Euro. It also gained an upper hand in the borrowing activities, which led to an increase in liquidity in the market which in turn improved the standard of living of the Greek citizens. Loans for individuals, governments as well as corporate houses were available at very low-interest rates, which are available only among the developed nations like Germany.  

Human Resources Turnover Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Human Resources Turnover - Essay Example Employee turnover can be good or bad its good when voluntary and involuntary terminations involve non-performers whose resignation will be in the interest of the organization. It is bad when a good performer leaves the organization for some reason to begin the search for replacement. Searching of talented employees and training them for the job is very expensive for an organization. It is called turnover cost in this case employee turn over is bad for their smooth working. â€Å"The average cost of labor turnover in 2002 for the UK is  £4,301 per leaver. The costs of turnover are highest for managers ( £6,807), followed by professionals ( £5,864). For Ireland, the average cost of staff turnover is  £4,927.† Experienced and skilled employees can get a good job easily. But a loss of this type of employees is bad for an organization It is obvious that a talented and experienced employee, it not compensated well in terms of salary and career growth, will quit him position and seek another job. Therefore turn over is inevitable. In the case of voluntary turnover, it is manageable. â€Å"Retention of skilled employees is expensive getting the right people in every position will increase retention expenditure.† When labor turnover becomes good for an organization when a bad performer is sacked from the organization’s view in competitive work environment a low-level performer is a liability and he needs expensive training. It involves lots of overheads to the organization. HR turnover becomes a costly affair for companies in terms of the expenditure and recruitment, training etc.

Ethical Theories Of Business

Ethical Theories Of Business Ethical theory studies different philosophies or systems used to explain and make judgments regarding right/wrong/good/bad. It challenges to bring in clarity, substance, and precision of argument into the area of morality. They also dispute on how we should value humans in our actions. Ethical theories suggest justification for judgment regarding the morality or immorality of actions, and they provide a basis for claims about moral obligations. Ethical theories are based on the ethical principles. They each highlight different features of an ethical dilemma and direct to the most ethically approved decision according to the guiding principle within the ethical theory itself. Generally ethical principles stem from ethical theories, and when defending a particular action, ethicists normally appeal to these principles, not the underlying theory. Ethical theory is applied to the philosophical examination, from a moral standpoint, of particular issues in private and public life that are s ubject of moral judgment. It is thus a term used to describe attempts to use philosophical methods to identify the morally correct course of action in various fields of human life. This essay briefly explains the purpose of an ethical theory and why no more than one ethical theory can be right. It outlines the positions the two ethical theories. It further discusses on claim So long as a businesss actions are legal and accepted by consumers and shareholders, the actions can be considered ethically good. Finally it outlines and illustrates one criticism that an opponent might level at each of the ethical theories. Ethical theories and principles are the foundation of ethical analysis as they guide along the pathway to a decision. Purpose of ethical theories argues that how we should value and treat human beings in our actions and proposes essential reason to considers an action to be ethically good or bad. Ethical theory highlights different points such as predicting the outcome and following duties in order to reach an ethically truthful decision. Ethical theory attempts to answer the fundamental practical ethical question of What ought I to do? and How ought I live? It offers the fundamental justification for judgment in relation to the morality or immorality of actions, and provides a basis for claims about moral obligations (The Open Polytechnic of New Zealand, 2009, Module 1 p.20). These principles/roles of ethical theories are the common goals that they try to achieve in order to be successful. This goal includes beneficence, least harm, respect for autonomy and justice. The principle of beneficence directs ethical theory to do what is good, which should attempt to engender the largest ratio of good over evil. The principle of least harm states that a person should choose least harm possible which harms the fewest people. Respect for autonomy states that people should be allowed to make decisions of their lives which applies them and justice affirm that justice should be tolerable and actions to be fair for those who are involved. There are several varieties of ethical theories to choose from in a business ethics environment however only one ethical theory could suite a particular environment at that instance. This is for the reason that all theories have been developed by unique philosophers. Ethicists and people who generally apply these theories could also have different ideas of how to answer questions such as What is the right way to act in this situation?, What makes this the right way to act in this situation? and How should I act in general so as to live a good life? (The Open Polytechnic of New Zealand, 2009, Module 1 p.27,28). All theories convey a different idea on why an action counts as ethically good or bad. Lets say for instance we take utilitarianism and Kantian moral theory, utilitarianism argues that moral importance of an action lies on the predictable consequences of the action where as kantian moral theory emphasizes on the moral importance of an action lies in the principle of the person s action. For example a person steals $100 from a billionaire and uses that money to feed 40 hungry kids on street, utilitarianism will agree that it is morally a good thing as it produces greater happiness. However, kantian theory would argue that stealing money from someone is wrong as this will break the law even though it will help 40 hungry kids. Ethical theories purposes are based on above ethical principles. Two ethical theories in this course which I have chosen to discuss comprehensively are utilitarianism and kantian moral theory. Utilitarianism ethical theory proposes that moral worth of actions should be judged by its utility in providing happiness or suffering, compared with the amount of happiness or suffering likely to be caused by alternative actions (The Open Polytechnic of New Zealand, 2009, Module 1 p.20). It is one of the more functional and commonly used theories today which is also sometimes called consequentialism. Utilitarianism is well known by the phrase the greatest good for the greatest number of people which utter that the moral right action is the one that is most likely to maximize happiness, bearing in mind that equally interests of all affected by it, no matter who these people are. For example, a witness lies at the court house that the victim murdered a person. As the victim would have been sentenced, there would have been no one left to take care of his three kids. Under utilitarianism, this was morally the right thing for the witness to do as the result have benefited more people. Th ere are two sorts of utilitarianism, which are act and rule utilitarianism. Act utilitarianism is mostly what described above where a person performs the acts that benefits the most people. Rule utilitarianism uses the same principle of benefiting the most people but through the fairness and most just means available. This add extra value to rule utilitarianism as it adds value justice and general rules while including the benefits greatest happiness principles. One benefit of this ethical theory is that utilitarian can match up similar predicted solutions and draw on a point system to decide which choice is more beneficial for more people. It compares the likely good and bad consequences of one action with the likely good and bad consequences of the alternative action. Kantian moral theory is a deontological ethical theory which came from a Greek word meaning duty. Deontological theory is an approach to ethics that judges the morality of an action based on the actions adherence to rule or rules (Wikipedia, 2010). It holds that most important aspects of lives are governed by certain unbreakable. This ethical theory is based on the idea that we all have a duty to perform certain things and not to perform certain things. Rules should not be broken even if breaking them may improve an outcome. For example, if some one says lying is always wrong in principle; than it is morally wrong to lie to people even though it could have produced better consequences. It does not look at how much good will cause by an action, rather they look at the action itself and then decide whether it is prohibited or complete mandatory by one of their rules. Deontologists have very strong approach on the words, right and good. Right has to do with actions. Good has to do throu gh outcomes. Good can be many things such as pleasure, happiness, harmony, wealth and so on. Deontological moral theory also seems to be concern about respect for rational humanity as an important aspect of moral importance. It sees all people as having fundamental moral value in virtue of being rational being. We must examine the principles of action to notice whether it shows respect for rational humanity or not. To check whether our actions meet the definite imperative to respect rational humanity, Kant moral theory inquire two question which is can we rationally will that this principle should become a universal law for everybody and are we treating persons as end in themselves, or solely as a means to an end . Drawing on the following claim that So long as a businesss actions are legal and accepted by consumers and shareholders, the actions can be considered ethically good. Utilitarianism involves an equal and impartial consideration of interest. Equal and impartial means that someone can not only consider the greatest good for the company, the overall greatest good should be considered which will benefit everyone affected by the action. In general, Utilitarianism is not bounded by any rules or regulations to determine the moral obligations. Its moral worth of action is solely determined by its involvement of overall utility. Overall utility arises when the good consequences are maximized and proficiently achieving happiness or pleasure versus lack of suffering or pain. Utilitarianism will deal with this claim by overlooking the legal aspect and will spotlight on the consequences, which is in this case are the consumers and shareholders. Utilitarianism will rephrase the claim that business actions are acceptable if it maximizes the benefits of consumers and shareholders. However, rule utilitarianism will argue that the action is morally acceptable for t he reason that the business is following its legal obligations and at the same time, the consequences is benefiting the consumers and shareholders. Rule utilitarianism takes account of the legal business actions and concerns with the fairness of consumers and shareholders in this situation. Kantian moral theory will see the claim differently than what utilitarianism has stated above. Kantian theory states that actions are morally right in virtue of their motives, which must derive more from duty than from inclination (Beauchamp Bowie, 2004). It is a theory that is restrained by rules and regulations and it saw people as having essential moral value since they are rational being. It sees all people as morally important as an end and never treats them as a means to an end. In the claim that business actions are legal and acceptable by consumers and shareholders, Kantian moral theory will agree that the action is ethically good. This is for the reason that the consumers and shareholders are treated appropriately while also taking account of the legal business actions. Kantian moral theory idea is that actions to be morally acceptable, it is required to be able to be made a universal law without opposing its own principle. Unlike utilitarianism, kantian moral theory disreg ard the consequences of the actions when coming to a decision of right or wrong as it determines the moral goodness on principles behind the action. Kantian moral theory and other theories criticize utilitarianism theory that it suffers from numerous problems. Particularly, one criticism which I would like to consider consideration discussing is that utilitarianism theory is the treatment of minorities against majorities. Majority of opponents argue that utilitarian position can be unfair to the minorities. This is because utilitarianism embraces that actions that cause suffering to minority in order to benefit majority are morally good. This legal system in utilitarianism punishes the behavior of the minority even though the minority party might not be guilty. For example, a wealthy man named Kris residing in a small town who owns a company. This company is the major source of employment for the town people. One night, Kriss son caught up with a fight with other 3 boys of the same town. The police found that Kriss son was drunk and police found him at fault. Kris came to the police station and told the police that his son is inn ocent and if the police will lay any charges on his son, he will fire the 3 employees whose son were involved in this fight. Utilitarianism will argue that if this action will be taken, there will be more suffer and pain for the three families as the main source of income for survival will vanish. Taking the principle of greatest good for greatest number of people, utilitarianism theory will let go Kriss son. This is just an example where the minorities suffer even though they might not be wrong sometimes. This can also be said that in a similar situation described above, people could sometimes loose their human rights as utilitarianism theory only looks ate the result of the action and which party or action could make greater benefits for majorities. Kantian moral theory also has drawbacks mention by other ethical theories such as utilitarianism. One of the most common criticisms of kantian moral theory is that this theory ignores the consequences. It denies the moral importance of the likely consequences of any action. In some situations, it just focuses on the rules and regulations a person should follow and disturbingly disregards the consequences. For example, a chap went to buy some chocolate for his kid at the nearby shop. While returning home, accompanied by his wife and boy, some young youth attack him for some money. While in the clash, one of the thugs stab his wife. The man thought that they might also kill him and his son so he threw a beer bottle which he obtains near by to one of the thug and that stroked is head really hard. He garbed his son and escaped to near by police station. When the police came to the incident, they also found another person dead in that scene. He explained the whole story to the police and then the police started its investigation. Under kantian theory, the man will be sentenced for life as any person who kills another person is being sentenced for life. Kantian moral theory here just looked at the rules and comes with the relevant action needed to be taken ignore the consequences and leaving the investigation. Principle of ethical theories argues that how we should value and treat human beings in our actions and proposes essential reason to considers an action to be ethically good or bad. Two ethical theories covered in this discussion were Utilitarianism and Kantian moral theory. Both theories affirmed their benefits and criticism. It is difficult to address that one theory is better than the other as both theories could come right depending of the situation and circumstances.

Aristotles Life :: Philosophy, Greek, History

Aristotle’s Life Aristotle (384-322 BC) was a Greek philosopher, educator, and scientist, and was also one of the most influential thinkers in Western culture (World Book 663). Through his writings, Aristotle considered, summarized, criticized, and helped to further develop many of these traditions from which he had learned from Plato, his teacher. He was born in Stagira, and both of his parents died when he was a boy. His legal guardian named Proxenus raised him (World Book 663). At the age of 18 years of age, Aristotle entered Plato’s school in Athens called the Academy. When Plato died in 347 BC, Aristotle left the Academy to live with some of Plato’s disciples who were living with Hermeias. In 334 BC, he returned to Athens and founded a school called the Lyceum (World Book 663). His school, philosophy, and his followers were called peripatetic, which is Greek for walking. The reason for this name was because Aristotle did most of his teaching while he was walking with his students. After Alexander the Great’s death in 323 BC, Aristotle was charge with impiety by the Athenians, which was a similar crime that was brought upon another philosopher, Socrates. Worried that he would be set to death for this charge, Aristotle fled to the city of Chalcis. A year after his arrival in Chalcis, Aristotle died (World Book 663).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Aristotle’s Physics   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Aristotle work on basically all of the basic known subjects (Math, Science, Literature, English, Ethic, etc…). He also made his contribution in the field of Physics and Metaphysics (means after physics). Aristotle’s Physics is composed of several books and each is broken up into different parts of physics.

Does Sex and Violence on Television Have a Negative Effect on Children?

Does sex and violence on television have negative effects on children? The issue that I am addressing is the effect of sex and violence in the media on children. As long as there has been television, there has been an association made between media and violence – children who repeated what they saw on cartoons leading to their death, teenagers injured while emulating a popular movie, and mass killings blamed on video games. Primarily this relationship has been assumed to be causal with television being the assumed central cause in violent or risky behavior.Once you begin delving into the roots of violent and risky behavior, however, the association between modeled violence and expressed violence becomes less and less obvious. Violence in society in general is complicated and requires unpacking so that each aspect of the roots of violence can be analyzed and ultimately discussed in a meaningful way, including acknowledging that the origins are just as layered and complex as the solutions. Summary of Internet Information I began looking into various studies and articles about violence in media to see what kind of information was already available on the subject.There were a number of points of view represented, however, none of them outright dismissed that there was some relationship between sex and violence in the media and violent behavior. The studies also generally agreed that the complexities of violent behavior may potentially be ultimately unknowable because of that complexity. What may drive one person to violence may have little to no effect on another or the level of exposure to images of sex and violence in combination with other influences, including parental and peer attitudes towards sex and violence, may be a stronger relationship than media influence alone.The article â€Å"It’s not all sex and violence† by Agustin Fuentes set the tone for how I came to look at my research because it brought up the important point that sex and violence are over emphasized in modern culture and can give the false impression that sex and violence are at the very center of every human motivation rather than showing the reality that sex and violence are merely two aspects of the human experience, rather than central or common. The topics are scintillating and therefore more discussed.I also included research done to determine the effect of three safe sex campaigns run on Netherlands television during the mid-1990’s in order to see if there were positive messages that were also being sent on television about sex and sexual behavior (â€Å"Can public campaigns effectively change psychological determinants of safer sex? †), an evaluation of three Dutch campaigns that determined that the campaigns were successful in their goals of increasing safe sex practices in the Netherlands.I wanted to see if positive messages about sex and sexual behavior also had an effect on teenagers and young adults as this could be assoc iated back to imitating modeled behavior in general. The determination in the case of the Dutch safe sex campaigns was that effectiveness of the televised messages was related not only to the message itself, but also to the amount of exposure the subject had to the message.Those who were more exposed to the messages were more likely to engage in safe sex than those who were less exposed or not exposed at all. In â€Å"Mass Media Effects on Violent Behavior† by Richard Felson discussed in detail the difficulties of studying the effects of media violence on children because it’s difficult to measure intent and the inherent issues present in building experiments that have the greatest possibility of delivering reasonable results.It was the most comprehensive and inclusive article that I read as it looked at a number of different methods of measuring media effects on children – ultimately demonstrating that there is a provable corollary between exposure to violence seen on television and later violent behavior, however, the media input was shown to be part of a greater set of environmental concerns.What I could determine from my sources was that the greatest issue faced by researchers interested in studying the possible corollary between seeing sex and violence on television and that exposure being the driving force for later acts of violence by the subject is that there is no consensus in the data. Replicating a real world experience in the laboratory requires introducing controls that may cause the subject or subjects to feel freer to engage in extreme behavior as the environment created in the experiment can lack the third-party controls that exist in the real world.There is also some difficulty in repeating the results regardless of the conclusions drawn from the data. Additionally, there are complications where the studies are not necessarily using the same metrics in their research so their conclusions may be similar or even confirm the findings of other research but not using the same methodology. The scientific method relies primarily on replication of results when executing the same experiment and that doesn’t seem to be happening in the research done on this topic.The shared determinations between each of my sources all acknowledged the shortcomings in the research; however, this did not prevent them from coming to some kind of conclusion. The most common conclusion was that there was a relationship, however, that relationship was not a direct one to one corollary. This was true for both negative and positive messages. The general acknowledgements is that while there is an association between exposure to messages in sex and violence in the media, that these messages were not necessarily a driving force in later acts of violence, but were certainly a factor in later acts of violence.Summary of a Research Study The research study that I am summarizing is â€Å"Can public campaigns effectively change psych ological determinants of safer sex? An evaluation of three Dutch campaigns† by M. C. Yzer, F. W. Siero, and B. P. Buunk. The research was designed to establish the effectiveness of Dutch safe sex campaigns that were run between 1994 and 1996. There were several metrics being measured, â€Å"improved attitudes, perceived social norms, self-efficacy and intentions regarding safer sex (Yzer, Siero & Buunk, 1999)The methodology of the study was to use a representative sample of the Dutch population and then ask them to answer electronic questionnaires where you could not advance through to the next question without answering previous questions in order to minimize missing data. Each participant was issued a unique PIN number in order to further identify the participants. There were also five waves of questionnaires, and an individual participant could be eligible for more than one of these waves, however, they could only participate in one wave.The PIN numbers were also used to e nsure that there were no duplicate participants from wave to wave. These methods were also employed to exclude testing effects, history effects, cultural changes and sample differences as alternative explanations for the data collected. (Yzer, Siero & Buunk, 1999) The questionnaires measured attitudes towards safe sex practices, social norms , â€Å"self-efficacy† (Yzer, Siero & Buunk, 1999), and whether or not the participant intended to engage in safe sex practices in the future.The key results in this study were that while the initial levels of positive attitudes and practices of safe sex, there was indeed room for an increase in those metrics. The increases were the most steep immediately after a campaign aired, but that uptick did not dip below the previous level but maintained over time. It was also shown that increases were not always across the board in every category during every campaign. There were different effects that depended on which campaign was aired.When sp lit out into separate categories, â€Å"self-efficacy was enhanced by the 1994 campaign, and that intentions were enhanced by the 1994 and 1995 campaigns. To summarize, all target variables were generally more positive with respect to safer sex after a campaign than before. † (Yzer, Siero & Buunk, 1999) The thesis of the experiment was the following: 1. Attitudes, social norms, self-efficacy and intentions would become more favorable towards safer sex in response to each of the 1994, 1995 and 1996 campaigns. 2.In the period of time after the 1996 campaign when no campaign was conducted (but in a similar time interval as between the 1994 but in a similar time interval as between the 1995 and 1996 campaigns), attitudes, social norms, self-efficacy and intentions would become less favorable towards safer sex. (Yzer, Siero & Buunk, 1999) The data showed that after the campaigns were aired, that all of the measured areas showed an increase both short-term and long-term. They also noticed that there was a quick uptick in positive feelings shortly after a campaign was aired.Overall, the campaigns served to uphold and enhance already present social norms and attitudes towards safe sex and safe sex practices. The conclusions of this study also confirmed the conclusions of a study done in Germany that evaluated German safer sex campaigns. How this relates to the issue of what effect sex and violence on television effects children is that there is here a strong relationship between media messages and future behavior and that this relationship is related to amount of exposure to the message.It was already well established that there was an agreed upon corollary between violence seen on television and violent behavior, however, this study shows that the relationship is also built on frequency of exposure to the medium. Additionally, there can be changes in different areas over time, which shows the diversity of how media messages influence people and how that influe nce can be different while still present. Critical Analysis of Internet Information and Research Study In â€Å"It’s not all sex and violence† by Agustin Fuentes, the information provided by Dr.Fuentes is factual and points out that human beings are diverse and complex beings driven by a variety of things. The overemphasis on sex and violence in media is pervasive and dangerous to how we see ourselves as human beings. The amount of cooperation, joy, sharing, etc. that human beings do far outweigh the amount of violence we engage in as a species. However, we as a species are also fascinated with sex and violence and seek out that information – drawing focus towards it, rather than acknowledging their purpose and role in life and placing it among everything else in life, maintaining perspective.The evidence that is used is a walk through the development of human societies and what scientists know about the behavior of our ancestors and the results of primatologica l research with social behavior of primates. He shows that the majority of the behavior that we engage in is positive and helping behaviors, rather than negative behaviors. The strength of the evidence is weak, but the piece is intended to be an emotional appeal that includes appeals to the intellect. Because of the rhetorical mode of the piece, this is to be expected and does not immediately remove it from consideration as a good source of information.In â€Å"Can public campaigns effectively change psychological determinants of safer sex? † there is a great deal of factual evidence supported by strong evidence with a reasonable and intelligent analysis of the data gathered from their research. The strength of the evidence is significant, especially in light of the inclusion of the information that a German study came to similar conclusions. â€Å"Mass Media Effects on Violent Behavior† is a research study that gathers a number of different research studies and provid es that data along with the conclusions of the author.The information is good and because of the amount of provided data, the reader can see where the author’s conclusions came from. Because of this article’s appearance in a peer-reviewed journal, it can be assumed to be a trustworthy source of information with strong evidence supporting its conclusions. Conclusion In answer to the specific question as to whether or not sex and violence on television is harmful to children – there is no simple answer. Through looking at the evidence, there is an undeniable effect of what people see on television and their future behavior, but that link is not causal.The factors that exist in order to drive an individual to violence are difficult to measure due to basic problems with creating appropriate test trials, the complexity of human nature, and the overwhelming amount of input that everyone has on a regular basis. A worthwhile avenue for research would be to measure expos ure to specific stimuli in media messages and whether or not it’s the amount of sex and violence that someone is exposed to that is the deciding factor in future behavior. Another avenue would be to do a longitudinal study of children of ifferent socio-economic backgrounds to see what other factors exist (exposure to violence in daily life, attitudes about sex, etc. ) along with measuring how the child is interpreting the media messages that it is exposed to along with the frequency of that exposure. It would be holistic, but perhaps prohibitively complex and long term to execute. What remains unknown is what the full impact of media messages on children is, there is an effect, that’s undeniable, but that effect is clearly influenced by a variety of factors and may only be a reflection of what the child has already learned elsewhere.References Bushman, B. (2013). Why do people deny violent media effects?. Psychology Today, Retrieved from http://www. psychologytoday. co m/blog/get-psyched/201302/why-do people-deny-violent-media-effects Felson, R. (1996) Mass media effects on violent behavior. Annual Review of Sociology, 22, 103-128 . Retrieved from http://www. jstor. org. libproxy. uml. edu/stable/2083426 Fuentes, A. (2013). Busting myths about human nature. Psychology Today, Retrieved from http://www. psychologytoday. com/blog/busting-myths-about-human- nature/201302/it-s-not-all-sex-and-violenceWalker, M. (1983). Some problems in interpreting statistics relating to crime. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, 146(3), 281-293 . Retrieved from http://www. jstor. org. libproxy. uml. edu/stable/2981656 Yzer, M. C. , Siero, F. W. & Buunk, B. P. (1999). Can public campaigns effectively change psychological determinants of safer sex? An evaluation of three Dutch campaigns. Health Education Research, 15(3), 339-352. Retrieved from http://her. oxfordjournals. org/content/15/3/339. full

Viral Content How to Follow a Six-Part Recipe for Success - CoSchedule

Viral Content How to Follow a Six-Part Recipe for Success On Feb. 26, 2015, BuzzFeed published a post asking one simple question: What Colors Are This Dress? Although the answer seems simple enough, it launched arguably one of the biggest internet memes of all time. And whether you were team blue and black or white and gold, the accompanying image was simply unavoidable, making it’s way onto just about every publisher. It was truly viral content at its best. This is the kind of success most brands only dream of, and Roman Originals–the retailer behind the dress–saw huge returns. Within a month, their organic traffic  increased  by 420 percent and their press mentions by a whopping 17,550 percent. The overnight success left many marketers like myself wondering, â€Å"What it is about some silly piece of content that can have such a profound impact on our online sharing behavior, and more importantly, can it be replicated?† Luckily, more and more research is being dedicated to viral content, specifically on what triggers someone to click â€Å"share.† In one of his earliest studies  that scraped nearly 7,000 New York Times  articles, Jonah Berger noted that highly shared posts are typically useful, surprising, and positive, but above all, highly emotional. Highly shared posts are typically useful, surprising, and positive, but above all, highly emotional.Get Your Free Decoding Successful Content Infographic Visualize the SUCCESs formula for viral content with this free infographic with original research from Fractl. How to Follow A Six-Part Recipe for Viral Content SuccessBrothers Chip and Dan Heath- also devotees to the science of viral content- agreed, particularly about the surprising and highly emotional elements. In their book Made to Stick: Why Some Ideas Survive and Others Die, they offer six components  they believe elevate an idea from shareable to viral: Their SUCCESs model  argues that viral content should be: Simple: Making something simple doesn’t mean dumbing it down; it’s about focusing your message around a single idea (i.e. people should be able to describe your campaign’s key theme in only two or three sentences) Unexpected: This is where you want to include something that will gain your audience’s attention. Run of the mill data goes in one ear and out the other; something that challenges an assumption will hold an audience’s attention. Concrete: For an idea to be concrete, it presents a difficult concept in a more relatable way. For example, a popular concrete idea you might have heard of is that humans consume enough bottled water  in a little more than a day to circle the entire equator with plastic bottles stacked end to end. Credible: Along with getting an audience to listen to your message, you also need to convince them to believe it. Make sure to offer facts that are backed by either primary or secondary research. Emotional: Although people look for credibility, they also want to feel something. Be sure to trigger an emotional response. Generate stories: Individuals should be able to act on your content (i.e. present an idea, let others be able to interpret in their own way). Recommended Reading: The Six Types of Social Media Content That Will Give You the Greatest Value So what does this look like in action? My team at Fractl recently analyzed how three successful campaigns  stacked up against these key principles. In total, the following three campaigns earned 2,300 placements  and more than 140,000 social shares: Hotel Hygiene Exposed: For one of our clients, we  gathered 36 samples from nine different hotels to determine which rooms were the dirtiest. Reverse Photoshopping Comic Covers: Superheroes typically boast massive biceps and incredibly tiny waists, so we used Photoshop on behalf of one of our clients to see what these familiar faces would look like if they reflected the average American body type. Sexually Suggestive Emojis: For another client campaign, we scraped Twitter to discover which countries have the most flirtatious emoji use around the world. Below I’ll walk you through each of the Heath brothers’ principles, providing a six-part recipe on how you can generate similar, highly viral content. 1. Simple: Roll Out Your Content’s Core Focus in the Easiest Way Possible For an idea to be simple, it needs to be easily understood, and quickly. To gain your audience’s attention, identify a central theme and make sure your content connects to this idea whenever possible. Gain your audience's attention by connecting content to one central themeFor instance, in Sexually Suggestive Emojis, a month of tweets from the United States and more than 50 European countries were condensed into 14 easy-to-read charts. In less than 10 minutes, readers could easily identify global trends in how these emojis are used – including their own countries. Simplify Content By Setting Clear Campaign Goals Another easy way to simplify your content is when you’re setting your campaign goal. Do you expect the campaign to drive conversions or do you want it to boost general brand awareness? You’ll also want to make sure your goal is as specific as possible: The more specific you are when setting your goal, the greater the likelihood you’ll actually reach it – and this specificity will help you focus both your content and time. Below is a three-step guide on how to set attainable goals: Begin with an audit of previous campaigns. Remember that data is your friend, and you likely already have a ton of it at your fingertips thanks to previous campaign metrics. Note any key data points- your new goals should fall somewhere within the same ballpark. Evaluate your current position within your industry. If you don’t have a large part of the market yet, consider a goal that only aims for a 2 to 5 percent increase in something. On the other hand, if you already have a large presence in the industry, set a goal that is a little more challenging- you don’t want to miss out on any potential growth. Set one major goal, and follow up by outlining two or three other goals that will help you get there. When setting goals for your content, you’ll likely have more than one. For example, if you want a campaign to drive a certain amount of blog traffic, you’ll also want to set smaller goals like earning placements on X,Y, and Z publishers that will help you get there. Recommended Reading: This is How to Start a Successful Blog That Will Crush Your Marketing Goals 2. Unexpected: Produce Something With a Dash of Shock Beyond an idea that’s quickly understood, another easy way to earn someone’s attention is to offer content that is shocking. This guarantees an element of surprise, which will drive results because instead of adding to the white noise on the internet, you’re actually breaking through. In the case of Hotel Hygiene Exposed, the results yielded a shocking finding: The nicest hotels actually had the most germs. This made outreach a breeze, with big name publishers like Yahoo taking full advantage of the added shock value with headlines like, â€Å"Eww! New Study Finds Expensive Hotels Have More Germs.† Producing controversial content is also a great way to add something unexpected. Below are a few different approaches to controversial content: Disprove an easily held assumption: This content often focuses on testing an audience’s beliefs. For example, the Ad Council’s incredibly successful â€Å"Love Has No Labels† video used an X-ray machine that featured skeleton couples showing different signs of affection to one another before revealing themselves as either gay, lesbian, or biracial – forcing viewers to rethink any unconscious biases they might have and appreciate that love is love, no matter who is involved. Produce something taboo: These ideas center around a topic that isn’t often discussed. Again, the Sexually Suggestive Emoji campaign is a great example because who doesn’t blush a little when they see some of those eggplant combinations? Stir up a debate: Most controversial ideas would fall under this umbrella, with a majority of these campaigns presenting data from both sides in order to allow readers to drive the discussion. For instance, the campaign in â€Å"The Most Prejudiced Places in America† focuses on which areas have the most non-politically correct tweets. The geographic ego bait ignites a discussion because it gives readers the opportunity to offer their two cents on whether or not they agree. via The Daily Beast Recommended Reading: Why Your Content Will Go Viral 3. Concrete: Difficult Concepts Often Require You to Whip Up More Than One Example The Heath brothers say something is â€Å"concrete† in its ability to be described through sensory language. In other words, your content should be understood using one of the five senses. So how can you do this with online content? Let’s take a moment to review the Velcro Theory  about memory. This concept argues that although it is unlikely for someone to totally comprehend – or â€Å"grasp† – brand new information, it is likely that they will be able to grasp small bits of information as long as their prior knowledge presents something for this new information to â€Å"hook† onto – much like a piece of Velcro. By connecting your content’s new information to things your audience already knows, it makes retention and discussion much easier. In the case of online content, concreteness often stems from being able to visualize new concepts. For example, in Reverse Photoshopping Comic Covers, the core theme of the campaign was to offer a new way to discuss body image issues – particularly with men. When comic book icons like Batman, Iron Man, and Captain America shed their bulging biceps in an effort to look more like an everyday individual, audiences suddenly had a new way to talk about more difficult concepts like body dysmorphia. Try Comparing Apples To Oranges Think of something’s â€Å"concreteness† as being able to compare apples to oranges. A great example is this campaign–Data IRL–that visualizes what digital storage size would look like in the form of storage boxes. If you assume 10 megabytes of data is equivalent to one standard storage box, an iPhone’s 4 gigabytes of data suddenly becomes much easier to understand: It’s 400 storage boxes, or–when the boxes are lined up–enough data to stretch nearly the length of 1.5 football fields. via Better Buys Keep in mind what you can compare more difficult concepts like data storage to is only limited by your imagination. A good jumping off point is by taking a look around you and identifying what you use on a day-to-day basis (think a can of soda or a deck of cards); these are the type of routine items that make something unfamiliar suddenly incredibly relatable. Recommended Reading: How to Use Data to Fuel Your Content Marketing Strategy Figuring what you want to present, though, is only half the battle. You still need to figure out how you want to visualize the data. Luckily there are a few tools  out there for anyone who might not have a designer on their team, including the following: Piktochart: Relying on the continued popularity of infographics,  the application allows users to easily create IGs using themed templates Tableau Public: The drag-and-drop platform offers users a wide range of collaborative maps and charts to fool around with Infogram: This easy-to-use application allows users to create interactive charts without any coding Silk: Another drag-and-drop platform, this is one of the easier tools to use, requiring users to simply upload their data through a spreadsheet to begin building visualizations around it 4. Credible: Garnish Your Content With a Methodology That is Both Reliable and Familiar Readers want to see content that is trustworthy, and something that is data-driven is a great way to boost authority and earn credibility. Your methodology should be readily available and include the following: Specifics on your data set, including how, when, and where you collected it Any outliers that were omitted in your data A list of additional sources (i.e. secondary research) Access to raw data if possible An easy way to boost credibility is to partner with a reputable third party, specifically someone with expertise in your industry. For example, if you’re producing a campaign that focuses on sports injuries, consider reaching out to organizations like the Sports Physical Therapy Section (SPTS) or the American Physical Therapy Association (APTA). They could offer assistance on how closely your data aligns with common trends in sports-related injuries or how specific injuries should be treated. But how do you get in contact with them? All you need to do is reach out via email explaining who you are, what your campaign is about, and some options on how they could help with the final project – â€Å"options† being the keyword here as you’re more likely to get a response if you offer more than one way to participate. Boost your content's credibility by partnering with a reputable third partyA great example of this in action is the Hotel Hygiene Exposed campaign. We reached out to a third-party lab to test the four samples we collected from nine different hotels. This outside testing helped make the bold claim that the nicest hotels are actually the dirtiest that much more valid. Recommended Reading: How to Rock a Data-Driven Content Calendar Template That Will Boost Results By 299% Support Your Content With Secondary Research Don’t forget about the  value of secondary research – and how easy it is to access. It’s simply the analysis of data or information that was either gathered by someone else (e.g. researchers, educational institutions, etc.) and reusing it to add more authority to your current content. Two of the most common secondary research sources include the following: Academic journals: These are resources filled with original research. Examples include Harvard Business Review, American Journal of Sociology, and the Journal of the American Medical Association  (JAMA). Technical reports: Typically a resource that is updated annually, these reports offer insights on industry-specific research projects. For example, HubSpot’s State of Inbound  is released annually and reveals the latest trends in content marketing. So how can you include these in your campaign? At first glance, it doesn’t seem like the Reverse Photoshopping campaign has a quantitative element to it. However, the landing page includes stats from the Centers of Disease Control and Prevention  on the levels of obesity for both men and women in America- stats that are both easily accessible and familiar to any audience. Here’s what it looks like on the LP: Recommended Reading: This Is The Marketing Research Process That Will Take Your Content to the Next Level 5. Emotional: Knead  Something Your Audience Can Feel Into Your Content This is a big one. As much as credibility can help keep your campaign fend off trolls, remember that people have an innate desire to make a personal connection with content, regardless of their opinion. An emotional connection  is essential in order to drive shares, and one of the biggest goals for marketers today is to help brands create messages that people want to share. Luckily there’s a wide range of emotions for your content to tap into, as illustrated in these three campaigns: The â€Å"ick† factor was palpable in the hotel campaign, and it’s something everyone can relate to – aiding in both natural syndication and social shares. via AOL Body image is already a highly emotional topic, and by connecting it to something in the entertainment industry- a channel that is no stranger to the pressures of physical perfection- social traction skyrocketed. via The Huffington Post For the emojis campaign, a reader could easily go back and forth between feelings of embarrassment and amusement thanks to the easily identifiable innuendos. via People Recommended Reading:  Proof That Emotional Headlines Get More Shares on Social Media Use Emotional Cues to Drive Clicks The most successful emotional content ignites an immediate reaction: Audiences should be able to easily click, read, and share your content because it triggers an opinion – and they want the rest of the internet to know. The most successful content ignites an immediate reaction6. Stories: A Mix of Stimulating and Inspirational Content Will Drive Discussion During production, you should continually ask yourself one question: Would I share this campaign with my friends? This is the easiest way to determine whether or not your content tells a story  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ and often times the best content tells more than one. The comic book campaign, for instance, was created for a California-based organization that provides resources to individuals struggling with eating disorders, but the 1,300 pickups and 105,000 social shares indicate that the content reached well beyond its targeted audience – in large part because it allowed publishers to tell multiple stories. For example, some readers were less concerned with a discussion on body image and instead focused their attention on general criticism of the project.  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Superheros can’t save the world if they’re lounging around like the average American,† criticized a reader at Smash.com. These sentiments were shared in the comment section of a Spanish gaming site  (whose audience probably had little interest in finding out more about eating disorders). What these two placement prove, though, is that the pop culture theme helped the content resonate with more than one demographic. Yes, these characters don’t relate directly to eating disorders, but in the right context, they can connect issues about body image to a much larger audience. Recommended Reading: How to Find Your Target Audience and Create the Best Content That Connects Use Humor to Tell Stronger Stories Humorous content is a great way to drive stories, as emphasized through some of the headlines for the emoji campaign: Study: Frequent Emoji Users Are Hornier Than the Rest of Us, New York Magazine Dear Mississippi, You’re Obsessed With Eggplant Emoji. Please Explain, Vocativ New Sex Emoji Study Shows That Eggplants Trump Bananas, New York Daily News    So what are some ways you can tickle your audience’s funny bone? Make an everyday routine funny: Some of the best content comes from building on shared experiences, and the same can be said for comedy. A great example is any Poo-Pourri campaign. Don’t be shy about self-deprecation: Any easy way to make people laugh while humanizing your brand? Make a joke at your own expense. For instance, JetBlue found a clever way to engage with a customer who thought their emails were coming on a little too strong (see below). Keep it simple: The more complex and complicated your humor is, the more likely it is to fall flat. Carlsberg, for instance, has been using their cheeky tagline, â€Å"Probably the best beer in the world since 1973. Recommended Reading: How to Build Your Brand With Humor So You'll Feel Like a Human Go Out and Create Some Viral Content In an age where viral content seems to come and go within a matter of minutes, it’s unlikely that your content will reach â€Å"The Dress† levels of internet immortality. The good news, though, is that more studies continue to prove that a content’s viral potential isn’t a matter of luck. Remember that there are many factors that influence what we share online, and the SUCCESs model serves as a great blueprint when outlining your next content marketing campaign. The key ingredients for a viral hit include credibility, an emotional connection, and the ability to tell more than one story–along with an idea that isn’t too vanilla and offers a new, often debatable perspective. Viral Content How to Follow a Six-Part Recipe for Success On Feb. 26, 2015, BuzzFeed published a post asking one simple question: What Colors Are This Dress? Although the answer seems simple enough, it launched arguably one of the biggest internet memes of all time. And whether you were team blue and black or white and gold, the accompanying image was simply unavoidable, making it’s way onto just about every publisher. It was truly viral content at its best. This is the kind of success most brands only dream of, and Roman Originals–the retailer behind the dress–saw huge returns. Within a month, their organic traffic  increased  by 420 percent and their press mentions by a whopping 17,550 percent. The overnight success left many marketers like myself wondering, â€Å"What it is about some silly piece of content that can have such a profound impact on our online sharing behavior, and more importantly, can it be replicated?† Luckily, more and more research is being dedicated to viral content, specifically on what triggers someone to click â€Å"share.† In one of his earliest studies  that scraped nearly 7,000 New York Times  articles, Jonah Berger noted that highly shared posts are typically useful, surprising, and positive, but above all, highly emotional. Highly shared posts are typically useful, surprising, and positive, but above all, highly emotional.Get Your Free Decoding Successful Content Infographic Visualize the SUCCESs formula for viral content with this free infographic with original research from Fractl. How to Follow A Six-Part Recipe for Viral Content SuccessBrothers Chip and Dan Heath- also devotees to the science of viral content- agreed, particularly about the surprising and highly emotional elements. In their book Made to Stick: Why Some Ideas Survive and Others Die, they offer six components  they believe elevate an idea from shareable to viral: Their SUCCESs model  argues that viral content should be: Simple: Making something simple doesn’t mean dumbing it down; it’s about focusing your message around a single idea (i.e. people should be able to describe your campaign’s key theme in only two or three sentences) Unexpected: This is where you want to include something that will gain your audience’s attention. Run of the mill data goes in one ear and out the other; something that challenges an assumption will hold an audience’s attention. Concrete: For an idea to be concrete, it presents a difficult concept in a more relatable way. For example, a popular concrete idea you might have heard of is that humans consume enough bottled water  in a little more than a day to circle the entire equator with plastic bottles stacked end to end. Credible: Along with getting an audience to listen to your message, you also need to convince them to believe it. Make sure to offer facts that are backed by either primary or secondary research. Emotional: Although people look for credibility, they also want to feel something. Be sure to trigger an emotional response. Generate stories: Individuals should be able to act on your content (i.e. present an idea, let others be able to interpret in their own way). Recommended Reading: The Six Types of Social Media Content That Will Give You the Greatest Value So what does this look like in action? My team at Fractl recently analyzed how three successful campaigns  stacked up against these key principles. In total, the following three campaigns earned 2,300 placements  and more than 140,000 social shares: Hotel Hygiene Exposed: For one of our clients, we  gathered 36 samples from nine different hotels to determine which rooms were the dirtiest. Reverse Photoshopping Comic Covers: Superheroes typically boast massive biceps and incredibly tiny waists, so we used Photoshop on behalf of one of our clients to see what these familiar faces would look like if they reflected the average American body type. Sexually Suggestive Emojis: For another client campaign, we scraped Twitter to discover which countries have the most flirtatious emoji use around the world. Below I’ll walk you through each of the Heath brothers’ principles, providing a six-part recipe on how you can generate similar, highly viral content. 1. Simple: Roll Out Your Content’s Core Focus in the Easiest Way Possible For an idea to be simple, it needs to be easily understood, and quickly. To gain your audience’s attention, identify a central theme and make sure your content connects to this idea whenever possible. Gain your audience's attention by connecting content to one central themeFor instance, in Sexually Suggestive Emojis, a month of tweets from the United States and more than 50 European countries were condensed into 14 easy-to-read charts. In less than 10 minutes, readers could easily identify global trends in how these emojis are used – including their own countries. Simplify Content By Setting Clear Campaign Goals Another easy way to simplify your content is when you’re setting your campaign goal. Do you expect the campaign to drive conversions or do you want it to boost general brand awareness? You’ll also want to make sure your goal is as specific as possible: The more specific you are when setting your goal, the greater the likelihood you’ll actually reach it – and this specificity will help you focus both your content and time. Below is a three-step guide on how to set attainable goals: Begin with an audit of previous campaigns. Remember that data is your friend, and you likely already have a ton of it at your fingertips thanks to previous campaign metrics. Note any key data points- your new goals should fall somewhere within the same ballpark. Evaluate your current position within your industry. If you don’t have a large part of the market yet, consider a goal that only aims for a 2 to 5 percent increase in something. On the other hand, if you already have a large presence in the industry, set a goal that is a little more challenging- you don’t want to miss out on any potential growth. Set one major goal, and follow up by outlining two or three other goals that will help you get there. When setting goals for your content, you’ll likely have more than one. For example, if you want a campaign to drive a certain amount of blog traffic, you’ll also want to set smaller goals like earning placements on X,Y, and Z publishers that will help you get there. Recommended Reading: This is How to Start a Successful Blog That Will Crush Your Marketing Goals 2. Unexpected: Produce Something With a Dash of Shock Beyond an idea that’s quickly understood, another easy way to earn someone’s attention is to offer content that is shocking. This guarantees an element of surprise, which will drive results because instead of adding to the white noise on the internet, you’re actually breaking through. In the case of Hotel Hygiene Exposed, the results yielded a shocking finding: The nicest hotels actually had the most germs. This made outreach a breeze, with big name publishers like Yahoo taking full advantage of the added shock value with headlines like, â€Å"Eww! New Study Finds Expensive Hotels Have More Germs.† Producing controversial content is also a great way to add something unexpected. Below are a few different approaches to controversial content: Disprove an easily held assumption: This content often focuses on testing an audience’s beliefs. For example, the Ad Council’s incredibly successful â€Å"Love Has No Labels† video used an X-ray machine that featured skeleton couples showing different signs of affection to one another before revealing themselves as either gay, lesbian, or biracial – forcing viewers to rethink any unconscious biases they might have and appreciate that love is love, no matter who is involved. Produce something taboo: These ideas center around a topic that isn’t often discussed. Again, the Sexually Suggestive Emoji campaign is a great example because who doesn’t blush a little when they see some of those eggplant combinations? Stir up a debate: Most controversial ideas would fall under this umbrella, with a majority of these campaigns presenting data from both sides in order to allow readers to drive the discussion. For instance, the campaign in â€Å"The Most Prejudiced Places in America† focuses on which areas have the most non-politically correct tweets. The geographic ego bait ignites a discussion because it gives readers the opportunity to offer their two cents on whether or not they agree. via The Daily Beast Recommended Reading: Why Your Content Will Go Viral 3. Concrete: Difficult Concepts Often Require You to Whip Up More Than One Example The Heath brothers say something is â€Å"concrete† in its ability to be described through sensory language. In other words, your content should be understood using one of the five senses. So how can you do this with online content? Let’s take a moment to review the Velcro Theory  about memory. This concept argues that although it is unlikely for someone to totally comprehend – or â€Å"grasp† – brand new information, it is likely that they will be able to grasp small bits of information as long as their prior knowledge presents something for this new information to â€Å"hook† onto – much like a piece of Velcro. By connecting your content’s new information to things your audience already knows, it makes retention and discussion much easier. In the case of online content, concreteness often stems from being able to visualize new concepts. For example, in Reverse Photoshopping Comic Covers, the core theme of the campaign was to offer a new way to discuss body image issues – particularly with men. When comic book icons like Batman, Iron Man, and Captain America shed their bulging biceps in an effort to look more like an everyday individual, audiences suddenly had a new way to talk about more difficult concepts like body dysmorphia. Try Comparing Apples To Oranges Think of something’s â€Å"concreteness† as being able to compare apples to oranges. A great example is this campaign–Data IRL–that visualizes what digital storage size would look like in the form of storage boxes. If you assume 10 megabytes of data is equivalent to one standard storage box, an iPhone’s 4 gigabytes of data suddenly becomes much easier to understand: It’s 400 storage boxes, or–when the boxes are lined up–enough data to stretch nearly the length of 1.5 football fields. via Better Buys Keep in mind what you can compare more difficult concepts like data storage to is only limited by your imagination. A good jumping off point is by taking a look around you and identifying what you use on a day-to-day basis (think a can of soda or a deck of cards); these are the type of routine items that make something unfamiliar suddenly incredibly relatable. Recommended Reading: How to Use Data to Fuel Your Content Marketing Strategy Figuring what you want to present, though, is only half the battle. You still need to figure out how you want to visualize the data. Luckily there are a few tools  out there for anyone who might not have a designer on their team, including the following: Piktochart: Relying on the continued popularity of infographics,  the application allows users to easily create IGs using themed templates Tableau Public: The drag-and-drop platform offers users a wide range of collaborative maps and charts to fool around with Infogram: This easy-to-use application allows users to create interactive charts without any coding Silk: Another drag-and-drop platform, this is one of the easier tools to use, requiring users to simply upload their data through a spreadsheet to begin building visualizations around it 4. Credible: Garnish Your Content With a Methodology That is Both Reliable and Familiar Readers want to see content that is trustworthy, and something that is data-driven is a great way to boost authority and earn credibility. Your methodology should be readily available and include the following: Specifics on your data set, including how, when, and where you collected it Any outliers that were omitted in your data A list of additional sources (i.e. secondary research) Access to raw data if possible An easy way to boost credibility is to partner with a reputable third party, specifically someone with expertise in your industry. For example, if you’re producing a campaign that focuses on sports injuries, consider reaching out to organizations like the Sports Physical Therapy Section (SPTS) or the American Physical Therapy Association (APTA). They could offer assistance on how closely your data aligns with common trends in sports-related injuries or how specific injuries should be treated. But how do you get in contact with them? All you need to do is reach out via email explaining who you are, what your campaign is about, and some options on how they could help with the final project – â€Å"options† being the keyword here as you’re more likely to get a response if you offer more than one way to participate. Boost your content's credibility by partnering with a reputable third partyA great example of this in action is the Hotel Hygiene Exposed campaign. We reached out to a third-party lab to test the four samples we collected from nine different hotels. This outside testing helped make the bold claim that the nicest hotels are actually the dirtiest that much more valid. Recommended Reading: How to Rock a Data-Driven Content Calendar Template That Will Boost Results By 299% Support Your Content With Secondary Research Don’t forget about the  value of secondary research – and how easy it is to access. It’s simply the analysis of data or information that was either gathered by someone else (e.g. researchers, educational institutions, etc.) and reusing it to add more authority to your current content. Two of the most common secondary research sources include the following: Academic journals: These are resources filled with original research. Examples include Harvard Business Review, American Journal of Sociology, and the Journal of the American Medical Association  (JAMA). Technical reports: Typically a resource that is updated annually, these reports offer insights on industry-specific research projects. For example, HubSpot’s State of Inbound  is released annually and reveals the latest trends in content marketing. So how can you include these in your campaign? At first glance, it doesn’t seem like the Reverse Photoshopping campaign has a quantitative element to it. However, the landing page includes stats from the Centers of Disease Control and Prevention  on the levels of obesity for both men and women in America- stats that are both easily accessible and familiar to any audience. Here’s what it looks like on the LP: Recommended Reading: This Is The Marketing Research Process That Will Take Your Content to the Next Level 5. Emotional: Knead  Something Your Audience Can Feel Into Your Content This is a big one. As much as credibility can help keep your campaign fend off trolls, remember that people have an innate desire to make a personal connection with content, regardless of their opinion. An emotional connection  is essential in order to drive shares, and one of the biggest goals for marketers today is to help brands create messages that people want to share. Luckily there’s a wide range of emotions for your content to tap into, as illustrated in these three campaigns: The â€Å"ick† factor was palpable in the hotel campaign, and it’s something everyone can relate to – aiding in both natural syndication and social shares. via AOL Body image is already a highly emotional topic, and by connecting it to something in the entertainment industry- a channel that is no stranger to the pressures of physical perfection- social traction skyrocketed. via The Huffington Post For the emojis campaign, a reader could easily go back and forth between feelings of embarrassment and amusement thanks to the easily identifiable innuendos. via People Recommended Reading:  Proof That Emotional Headlines Get More Shares on Social Media Use Emotional Cues to Drive Clicks The most successful emotional content ignites an immediate reaction: Audiences should be able to easily click, read, and share your content because it triggers an opinion – and they want the rest of the internet to know. The most successful content ignites an immediate reaction6. Stories: A Mix of Stimulating and Inspirational Content Will Drive Discussion During production, you should continually ask yourself one question: Would I share this campaign with my friends? This is the easiest way to determine whether or not your content tells a story  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ and often times the best content tells more than one. The comic book campaign, for instance, was created for a California-based organization that provides resources to individuals struggling with eating disorders, but the 1,300 pickups and 105,000 social shares indicate that the content reached well beyond its targeted audience – in large part because it allowed publishers to tell multiple stories. For example, some readers were less concerned with a discussion on body image and instead focused their attention on general criticism of the project.  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Superheros can’t save the world if they’re lounging around like the average American,† criticized a reader at Smash.com. These sentiments were shared in the comment section of a Spanish gaming site  (whose audience probably had little interest in finding out more about eating disorders). What these two placement prove, though, is that the pop culture theme helped the content resonate with more than one demographic. Yes, these characters don’t relate directly to eating disorders, but in the right context, they can connect issues about body image to a much larger audience. Recommended Reading: How to Find Your Target Audience and Create the Best Content That Connects Use Humor to Tell Stronger Stories Humorous content is a great way to drive stories, as emphasized through some of the headlines for the emoji campaign: Study: Frequent Emoji Users Are Hornier Than the Rest of Us, New York Magazine Dear Mississippi, You’re Obsessed With Eggplant Emoji. Please Explain, Vocativ New Sex Emoji Study Shows That Eggplants Trump Bananas, New York Daily News    So what are some ways you can tickle your audience’s funny bone? Make an everyday routine funny: Some of the best content comes from building on shared experiences, and the same can be said for comedy. A great example is any Poo-Pourri campaign. Don’t be shy about self-deprecation: Any easy way to make people laugh while humanizing your brand? Make a joke at your own expense. For instance, JetBlue found a clever way to engage with a customer who thought their emails were coming on a little too strong (see below). Keep it simple: The more complex and complicated your humor is, the more likely it is to fall flat. Carlsberg, for instance, has been using their cheeky tagline, â€Å"Probably the best beer in the world since 1973. Recommended Reading: How to Build Your Brand With Humor So You'll Feel Like a Human Go Out and Create Some Viral Content In an age where viral content seems to come and go within a matter of minutes, it’s unlikely that your content will reach â€Å"The Dress† levels of internet immortality. The good news, though, is that more studies continue to prove that a content’s viral potential isn’t a matter of luck. Remember that there are many factors that influence what we share online, and the SUCCESs model serves as a great blueprint when outlining your next content marketing campaign. The key ingredients for a viral hit include credibility, an emotional connection, and the ability to tell more than one story–along with an idea that isn’t too vanilla and offers a new, often debatable perspective.

Free Essays on Leonardo Da Vinci

Leonardo Da Vinci is one of the greatest and most ingenious men that history has produced. His contributions in the areas of art, science, and humanity are still among the most important that a single man has put forth, definitely making his a life worth knowing. Da Vinci, born on April 15, 1452, is credited with being a master painter, sculptor, architect, musician, engineer, and scientist. He was born an illegitimate child to Catherina, a peasant girl. His father was Ser Piero da Vinci, a public notary for the city of Florence, Italy. For the first four years of his life he lived with his mother in the small village of Vinci, directly outside of the great center of the Renaissance, Florence. Catherina was a poor woman, with possible artistic talent, the genetic basis of Leonardo’s talents. Upon the realization of Leonardo’s potential, his father took the boy to live with him and his wife in Florence (Why did). This was the start of the boy’s education and his quest for knowledge. Leonardo was recognized by many to be a â€Å"Renaissance child† because of his many talents. As a boy, Leonardo was described as being handsome, strong, and agile. He had keen powers of observation, an imagination, and the ability to detach himself from the world around him. At an early age Leonardo became interested in subjects such as botany, geology, animals (specifically birds), the motion of water, and shadows (About Leonardo). At the age of 17, in about 1469, Leonardo was apprenticed as a garzone (studio boy) to Andrea del Verrocchio, the leading Florentine painter and sculptor of his day. In Verrocchio’s workshop Leonardo was introduced to many techniques, from the painting of altarpieces and panel pictures to the creation of large sculptural projects in marble and bronze. In 1472 he was accepted in the painter’s guild of Florence, and worked there for about six years. ... Free Essays on Leonardo Da Vinci Free Essays on Leonardo Da Vinci Leonardo Da Vinci Leonardo Da Vinci is one of the greatest and most ingenious men that history has produced. His contributions in the areas of art, science, and humanity are still among the most important that a single man has put forth, definitely making his a life worth knowing. Da Vinci, born on April 15, 1452, is credited with being a master painter, sculptor, architect, musician, engineer, and scientist. He was born an illegitimate child to Catherina, a peasant girl. His father was Ser Piero da Vinci, a public notary for the city of Florence, Italy. For the first four years of his life he lived with his mother in the small village of Vinci, directly outside of the great center of the Renaissance, Florence. Catherina was a poor woman, with possible artistic talent, the genetic basis of Leonardo’s talents. Upon the realization of Leonardo’s potential, his father took the boy to live with him and his wife in Florence (Why did). This was the start of the boy’s education and his quest for knowledge. Leonardo was recognized by many to be a â€Å"Renaissance child† because of his many talents. As a boy, Leonardo was described as being handsome, strong, and agile. He had keen powers of observation, an imagination, and the ability to detach himself from the world around him. At an early age Leonardo became interested in subjects such as botany, geology, animals (specifically birds), the motion of water, and shadows (About Leonardo). At the age of 17, in about 1469, Leonardo was apprenticed as a garzone (studio boy) to Andrea del Verrocchio, the leading Florentine painter and sculptor of his day. In Verrocchio’s workshop Leonardo was introduced to many techniques, from the painting of altarpieces and panel pictures to the creation of large sculptural projects in marble and bronze. In 1472 he was accepted in the painter’s guild of Florence, and worked ther... Free Essays on Leonardo Da Vinci Background Leonardo was born in the town of Vinci in the Tuscan hills, on April 15, 1452. This is known from his grandfather, Antonio, who wrote down the details of the baptism: A grandson of mine was born, son of Ser Piero, my son, on April 15, Saturday at three in the night (11 pm). He was baptized by the priest Piero di Bartolomeo, Papino di Nanni Banti, Meo di Tenino, Piero di Malvolto, Nanni di Venzo, Arrigo di Giovanni the German, Monna Lisa di Domenico di Brettone, Monna Antonia di Giulliano, Monna Nicolosa del Barna, Monna Maria, daughter of Nanni di Venzo, Monna Pippa di Previcone. The names following that of the priest were of the witnesses, five men and five women as tradition demanded. Noticeably, the boy's mother is not present at the time of baptism. Leonardo's father was Piero Da Vinci, and of his mother only her name "Caterina" in known. Caterina is understood to have been a peasant girl, or perhaps a barmaid. When the young boy was born, he lived with his mother for the first few years of his life. It is intriguing that in all of his writings, Leonardo never mentioned his mother, even though there is evidence that later on his life he was aware of who she was. The Da Vinci's were a family that had been established in Vinci since the 13th Century. Many generations of notaries had given the family a status, and the title of Ser which was passed down to Leonardo's father. Although it is very difficult to find information about Leonardo's ancestors, this is a brief genealogical table: Ser Piero di Ser Guido (d. 1412) | Ser Antonio di Ser Piero di Ser Guido (1372-1464) | Ser Piero da Vinci (1426-1504) | Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) Ser Piero, Leonardo's father was a man of great virility, who lived... Free Essays on Leonardo Da Vinci Leonardo Da Vinci Leonard Da Vinci once said, â€Å"There can be no greater or lesser mastery over oneself.† Leonardo Da Vinci was one of the greatest inventors and scientists of recorded history. His genius was unbounded by time and technology. His ways were driven by his appetite for curiosity and intuitive sense of the natural wonders around him. Leonardo Da Vinci was dedicated to the discovery of truth and his contributions to science and art were legendary. There are many people who are considered geniuses in their own field of expertise, but Leonardo Da Vinci stands out as a true genius of many fields of expertise. He not only created masterpieces of art, but also contributed heavily to the fields of engineering and architecture. He also designed and sketched machines and inventions that were clearly ahead of his time. He did not limit his creativeness with accepted means of his time, and had the courage to experiment with new and untried ideas, even if it meant failure on his part. Leonardo was born on April 15, 1452, in Vinci, which is now a part of Italy. He was the illegitimate son of a notary public and a peasant girl. Leonardo’s father noticed his potential artistic talent and took him to Florence to start his education. Leonardo was recognized by many to be a Renaissance child because of his multitude of talents. He had keen powers of observation and imagination and had the ability to detach himself from the world around him. Leonardo showed an early interest in subjects such as botany, geology, animals, and natural elements, he was also very intrigued by shadows. When he reached the age of seventeen, Leonardo became an apprentice to one of Florence’s leading painters and sculptors, Andrea del Verrochio. At the age of twenty, Leonardo was accepted in the painter’s guild of Florence, and stayed for six years to learn and work with Verrochio on paintings like, â€Å"The Baptism of Christ†. On this painting, there ... Free Essays on Leonardo Da Vinci Leonardo Da Vinci is one of the greatest and most ingenious men that history has produced. His contributions in the areas of art, science, and humanity are still among the most important that a single man has put forth, definitely making his a life worth knowing. Da Vinci, born on April 15, 1452, is credited with being a master painter, sculptor, architect, musician, engineer, and scientist. He was born an illegitimate child to Catherina, a peasant girl. His father was Ser Piero da Vinci, a public notary for the city of Florence, Italy. For the first four years of his life he lived with his mother in the small village of Vinci, directly outside of the great center of the Renaissance, Florence. Catherina was a poor woman, with possible artistic talent, the genetic basis of Leonardo’s talents. Upon the realization of Leonardo’s potential, his father took the boy to live with him and his wife in Florence (Why did). This was the start of the boy’s education and his quest for knowledge. Leonardo was recognized by many to be a â€Å"Renaissance child† because of his many talents. As a boy, Leonardo was described as being handsome, strong, and agile. He had keen powers of observation, an imagination, and the ability to detach himself from the world around him. At an early age Leonardo became interested in subjects such as botany, geology, animals (specifically birds), the motion of water, and shadows (About Leonardo). At the age of 17, in about 1469, Leonardo was apprenticed as a garzone (studio boy) to Andrea del Verrocchio, the leading Florentine painter and sculptor of his day. In Verrocchio’s workshop Leonardo was introduced to many techniques, from the painting of altarpieces and panel pictures to the creation of large sculptural projects in marble and bronze. In 1472 he was accepted in the painter’s guild of Florence, and worked there for about six years. ... Free Essays on Leonardo Da Vinci Leonardo Da Vinci is one of the greatest and most ingenious men that history has produced. His contributions in the areas of art, science, and humanity are still among the most important that a single man has put forth, definitely making his a life worth knowing. Da Vinci, born on April 15, 1452, is credited with being a master painter, sculptor, architect, musician, engineer, and scientist. He was born an illegitimate child to Catherina, a peasant girl. His father was Ser Piero da Vinci, a public notary for the city of Florence, Italy. For the first four years of his life he lived with his mother in the small village of Vinci, directly outside of the great center of the Renaissance, Florence. Catherina was a poor woman, with possible artistic talent, the genetic basis of Leonardo’s talents. Upon the realization of Leonardo’s potential, his father took the boy to live with him and his wife in Florence (Why did). This was the start of the boy’s education and his quest for knowledge. Leonardo was recognized by many to be a â€Å"Renaissance child† because of his many talents. As a boy, Leonardo was described as being handsome, strong, and agile. He had keen powers of observation, an imagination, and the ability to detach himself from the world around him. At an early age Leonardo became interested in subjects such as botany, geology, animals (specifically birds), the motion of water, and shadows (About Leonardo). At the age of 17, in about 1469, Leonardo was apprenticed as a garzone (studio boy) to Andrea del Verrocchio, the leading Florentine painter and sculptor of his day. In Verrocchio’s workshop Leonardo was introduced to many techniques, from the painting of altarpieces and panel pictures to the creation of large sculptural projects in marble and bronze. In 1472 he was accepted in the painter’s guild of Florence, and worked there for about six years. ...

Rene Descartes On Discourse on Method Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Rene Descartes On Discourse on Method - Essay Example He explained that since mathematics has achieved the certainty for which human thinkers seek, the traditional persons should rightly turn to mathematical reasoning as a model for progress in human knowledge. Expressing perfect confidence in the capacity of human reason to achieve knowledge, Descartes proposed an intellectual process that suggested the architectural destruction and rebuilding of an entire town. In Part 2, he writes: It is true, however, that it is not customary to pull down all the houses of a town with the single design of rebuilding them differently, and thereby rendering the streets more handsome; but it often happens that a private individual takes down his own with the view of erecting it anew, and that people are even sometimes constrained to this when their houses are in danger of falling from age, or when the foundations are insecure. What is true of buildings and constitutions is also true for knowledge. The fact that the existing sciences have often grown up gradually with no uniform plan explains this as a key role of processing the â€Å"unlearning† of what we have previously learned. Descartes used that as an example to explain that in order to be absolutely sure that we accept only what is genuinely certain, we must first deliberately renounce all of the firmly held but questionable traditional beliefs we have previously acquired by experience and education. However, he later warns about the consequences of the reconstruction, such that:

The Role of Human Resource Management in a Healthcare System with Research Paper

The Role of Human Resource Management in a Healthcare System with Employee Unions - Research Paper Example Employee unions in the U.S grew from 1950 to 1970 during which industrialization was at its peak (Shi and Singh, 2008). Towards the end of 1980s and 1990s, Malvey (2010) believes there was a change in this trend because the U.S economy was taking a different direction of production; from manufacturing industries to service industries, hence the decline in the number of workers registered under unions. This research paper presents the role played by HR management in improving the general delivery of healthcare services and patient outcomes in organizations that have employee unions. Methods This research paper was compiled with help from published literature. Data collection was through secondary sources. Results This paper is expected to reveal the role played by HR management in organizations that have employee unions and health organizations in general. The Role of HR Management in a Healthcare System with Employee Unions This section describes the specific work areas in which the roles of HR management are integrated to ensure that these aspects are taken into consideration during any organizational activity. Labor Unions and Healthcare Labor unions have one major objective: to protect the rights of the members and ensure their fair treatment (Dessler, 2012). The early 1990s saw a rise in unions due to industrialization and persistent unfair employee treatment by the management in the U.S. According to Dessler (2012, p. 404), the National Labor Relations Act (NLRA) was passed in 1935 and it protected workers’ rights to formation of unions, defined labor practices that were unfair and formed the National Labor Relations Board liable for NLRA regulatory oversight. A shift in the U.S economy from manufacturing to service during the 1980s and 1990s saw a decline in union membership following a remarkable rise that saw 25% of the U.S workforce represented by unions between 1950 and 1970 (Malvey, 2010). Healthcare industry is a target service sector by unio n leaders for they feel it is an untapped potential union membership source. According to Malvey (2010), the healthcare sector had 12.9% of its workers registered under unions in the year 2000, a percentage that rose in 2009 to 13.6%. The Service Employees International Union (SEIU) formed a separate union in 2007, SEIU Healthcare, which happens to be the largest national union (Dessler, 2012). This union represents nursing, hospital, long-term care and other outpatient facilities while those representing physicians are associated with SEIU. The largest union of nurses sin the United States is the National Nurses United (NNU) which was formed when three unions, the United American Nurses, the California Nurses Association, and the National Nurses Organizing Committee, merged and it represents an estimated 150,000 members (Dessler, 2012). The role played by the HR department and management is to engage in labor negotiations with these labor unions in order to provide employee ample t ime and place for work. Handling of Legal, Ethical, and Healthcare Safety Issues In all organizations all employees at different levels must understand the basic and ethical values that have particular effects in the healthcare working environment (Noe, Hollenbeck, Gerhart, and Wright, 2011). The legal relationship that exists between the healthcare institution and the client, or rather the nurse practitioner and the patient is the back-bone relationship of all medicares. It is not just the law’s requirement that healthcare providers maintain ethical behaviors but this must be addressed as the medical industry is full of tough situations that involve ethical problems.